Marx Was Right: Five Surprising Ways Karl Marx Predicted 2014 There's a lot of talk of Karl Marx in the air these days When there were no subprime borrows left to scheme, the wholeKarl Marx, in full Karl Heinrich Marx, (born May 5, 1818, Trier, Rhine province, Prussia [Germany]—died March 14, 1883, London, England), revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and economist.He published (with Friedrich Engels) Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (1848), commonly known as The Communist Manifesto, the most celebrated pamphlet in the history of the socialist movement.Karl Marx (1818-1883) is often treated as a revolutionary, an activist rather than a philosopher, whose works inspired the foundation of many communist regimes in the twentieth century. It is certainly hard to find many thinkers who can be said to have had comparable influence in the creation of the modern world.This article was so full of shit that I could barely get through it. Nothing but lies and exaggerations. Marx was not "sponging" off Engels. Engels respected Marx and willingly was Marx's patron, just as other geniuses throughout time have had the...Marx's idea of human history as the inevitable progression of modes of production, from the "Asiatic mode" in the distant past to a communist future, seems like a relic of positivist theories of...
Karl Marx | Books, Theory, Beliefs, Children, Communism
Karl Marx, the son of Hirschel and Henrietta Marx, was born in Trier, Germany, in 1818. Hirschel Marx was a lawyer and to escape anti-Semitism decided to abandon his Jewish faith when Karl was a child. Although the majority of people living in Trier were Catholics, Marx decided to become a Protestant.Karl Marx was an important figure during the industrial revolution in his anti-capitalist analysis of industrialization. Marx developed and published anti-capitalist literature that details how...The Industrial Revolution changed society in the 19 th century, shifting the lifestyles of hundreds of thousands from a dying feudalistic system to a new and untested capitalist society. Focusing on Great Britain, critics of industrialization noted the horrors of urbanization, the conditions of the working-class and other social problems and created several important responses that demonizedKarl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia, in 1818-the son of a Jewish lawyer who converted to Lutheranism. He studied law and philosophy at the universities of Berlin and Jena and initially was a...
Karl Marx (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
in what way were karl marx and charles wright mills alike in their thinking and understanding of society? 2 And he says it in a way that seems essentially correct: "There is social science: without the work of Marx and other Marxists, it would not be what it is today, only with this work, it would not have the quality it has "Whoever hasKarl Marx (1818-1883) was a philosopher, author, social theorist, and an economist. He is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism.As a university student, Karl Marx (1818-1883) joined a movement known as the Young Hegelians, who strongly criticized the political and cultural establishments of the day. He became a journalist,...Marx described a system where the bourgeois capitalists were the tools of revolution. Owens and Fourier thought that the capitalist system would bring about revolution. Marx advocated the use of utopian communities and social reforms to create a classless society.Karl Marx, letter to Friedrich Engels, August 7, 1866 "Without slavery, North America, the most progressive of countries, would be transformed into a patriarchal country. Wipe out North America from the map of the world and you will have anarchy— the complete decay of modern commerce and civilization.
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Karl MarxFRSA[1]Karl Marx in 1875BornKarl Heinrich Marx5 May 1818Trier, Prussia, German ConfederationDied14 March 1883 (elderly 64)London, England Buried17 March 1883, Tomb of Karl Marx, Highgate Cemetery, London, EnglandPlace of abodeGermany, France, Belgium, United Kingdom. NationalityPrussian (1818–1845)Stateless (after 1845)Political partyCommunist Correspondence Committee (until 1847)Communist League (1847–1852)International Workingmen's Association (1864–1872)Spouse(s)Jenny von Westphalen (m. 1843; died 1881)Children7, including Jenny, Laura and EleanorFolksHeinrich Marx (father)Henriette Pressburg (mother)Family membersLouise Juta (sister)Jean Longuet (grandson)Philosophy professionEducationUniversity of BonnUniversity of BerlinUniversity of Jena (PhD, 1841)[2]Era19th-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolContinental philosophyMarxismThesisDifferenz der demokritischen und epikureischen Naturphilosophie (The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature) (1841)Doctoral marketing consultantBruno BauerMain interestsPhilosophy, economics, historical past, politicsNotable conceptsMarxist terminology, surplus price, contributions to dialectics and the labour concept of price, class war, alienation and exploitation of the worker, materialist conception of history Influences G. W. F. Hegel • Ludwig Feuerbach • Charles Darwin • Charles Babbage[3] • Aristotle • Epicurus • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Baruch Spinoza • Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi[4] • Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz[5][6] • David Ricardo • Adam Smith • Adam Ferguson[7] • Friedrich Engels • Pierre-Joseph Proudhon • Constantin Pecqueur[8] • Henri de Saint-Simon • Robert Owen • William Thompson[9] • Charles Fourier • Baron d'Holbach[10] • Justus von Liebig[11] • Ludwig von Westphalen • Max Stirner • François-Noël Babeuf • Voltaire • Giambattista Vico • Maximilien Robespierre • William Shakespeare • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe • Claude Adrien Helvétius • François Guizot • Moses HessMost likely Victor Considerant[12] Influenced List of MarxistsSignature
Karl Heinrich Marx (German: [maʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883[13]) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist progressive. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied legislation and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx was stateless and lived in exile together with his spouse and kids in London for many years, where he persevered to broaden his thought in collaboration with German philosopher Friedrich Engels and post his writings, researching in the reading room of the British Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883). Marx's political and philosophical thought had huge affect on next highbrow, financial and political historical past. His identify has been used as an adjective, a noun, and a college of social idea.
Marx's crucial theories about society, economics, and politics, jointly understood as Marxism, dangle that human societies increase thru category struggle. In the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the warfare between the ruling categories (referred to as the bourgeoisie) that keep an eye on the method of production and the operating classes (known as the proletariat) that enable those method by promoting their labour-power in go back for wages.[14] Employing a essential means referred to as ancient materialism, Marx predicted that capitalism produced inside tensions like previous socioeconomic methods and that the ones would result in its self-destruction and alternative by a new system known as the socialist mode of manufacturing. For Marx, category antagonisms below capitalism, owing in phase to its instability and crisis-prone nature, would eventuate the operating class' advancement of class awareness, leading to their conquest of political chronic and sooner or later the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a loose affiliation of producers.[15] Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the operating category must perform organised proletarian progressive action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.[16]
Marx has been described as one in every of the maximum influential figures in human history and his work has been each lauded and criticised.[17] His paintings in economics laid the foundation for a lot of the present understanding of labour and its relation to capital and next economic thought.[18][19][20] Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his concepts. Marx is generally cited as considered one of the predominant architects of recent social science.[21][22]
Biography
Childhood and early training: 1818–1836Karl Heinrich Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to Heinrich Marx (1777–1838) and Henriette Pressburg (1788–1863). He was once born at Brückengasse 664 in Trier, an ancient town then a part of the Kingdom of Prussia's Province of the Lower Rhine.[23] Marx was once ethnically but not religiously Jewish. His maternal grandfather was a Dutch rabbi, while his paternal line had provided Trier's rabbis since 1723, a job taken by his grandfather Meier Halevi Marx.[24] His father, as a child referred to as Herschel, used to be the first in the line to receive a mundane education. He become a legal professional with a very easily higher heart class income and the circle of relatives owned quite a lot of Moselle vineyards, in addition to his source of revenue as an attorney. Prior to his son's start and after the abrogation of Jewish emancipation in the Rhineland,[25] Herschel converted from Judaism to enroll in the state Evangelical Church of Prussia, taking over the German forename Heinrich over the Yiddish Herschel.[26]
Marx's birthplace, now Brückenstraße 10, in Trier. The family occupied two rooms on the ground floor and three on the first floor.[27] Purchased by the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1928, it now homes a museum devoted to him.[28]Largely non-religious, Heinrich used to be a man of the Enlightenment, interested in the ideas of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and Voltaire. A classical liberal, he took part in agitation for a charter and reforms in Prussia, which used to be then an absolute monarchy.[29] In 1815, Heinrich Marx started working as an legal professional and in 1819 moved his family to a ten-room belongings close to the Porta Nigra.[30] His wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jewish girl from a filthy rich enterprise circle of relatives that later based the corporate Philips Electronics. Her sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married Lion Philips (1794–1866) and was once the grandmother of each Gerard and Anton Philips and great-grandmother to Frits Philips. Lion Philips used to be a rich Dutch tobacco producer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later continuously come to depend for loans while they were exiled in London.[31]
Little is known of Marx's childhood.[32] The third of 9 children, he become the eldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819.[33] Marx and his surviving siblings, Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie, and Caroline, were baptised into the Lutheran Church in August 1824, and their mom in November 1825.[34] Marx used to be privately educated by his father until 1830 when he entered Trier High School (Gymnasium zu Trier), whose headmaster, Hugo Wyttenbach, was once a pal of his father. By using many liberal humanists as teachers, Wyttenbach incurred the anger of the local conservative government. Subsequently, police raided the college in 1832 and found out that literature espousing political liberalism used to be being allotted amongst the students. Considering the distribution of such subject material a seditious act, the government instituted reforms and changed a number of team of workers during Marx's attendance.[35]
In October 1835 at the age of 17, Marx travelled to the University of Bonn wishing to review philosophy and literature, but his father insisted on legislation as a more practical field.[36] Due to a condition referred to as a "weak chest",[37] Marx was once excused from army responsibility when he turned 18. While at the University at Bonn, Marx joined the Poets' Club, a group containing political radicals that were monitored by the police.[38] Marx additionally joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking society (German: Landsmannschaft der Treveraner) the place many concepts were mentioned and at one level he served as the club's co-president.[39][40] Additionally, Marx was concerned in positive disputes, a few of which turned into severe: in August 1836 he took phase in a duel with a member of the university's Borussian Korps.[41] Although his grades in the first time period were good, they soon deteriorated, main his father to power a switch to the extra severe and educational University of Berlin.[42]
Hegelianism and early journalism: 1836–1843 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich HegelHegelianism Forerunners Aristotle Böhme Spinoza Rousseau Kant Goethe Fichte Hölderlin Schelling Successors Feuerbach Marx Stirner Gentile Lukács Kojève Adorno Habermas Principal works The Phenomenology of Spirit Science of Logic Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences Lectures on Aesthetics Elements of the Philosophy of Right Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion Lectures on the Philosophy of History Lectures on the History of Philosophy Schools Absolute idealism Hegelianism (dialectics) British idealism German idealism Related subjects Right Hegelians Young Hegelians Related categories ► Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel vteSpending summer and autumn 1836 in Trier, Marx became more fascinated about his studies and his existence. He changed into engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, an informed member of the petty the Aristocracy who had identified Marx since formative years. As she had broken off her engagement with a tender aristocrat to be with Marx, their relationship used to be socially arguable owing to the differences between their religious and category origins, but Marx befriended her father Ludwig von Westphalen (a liberal aristocrat) and later devoted his doctoral thesis to him.[43] Seven years after their engagement, on 19 June 1843, they married in a Protestant church in Kreuznach.[44]
In October 1836, Marx arrived in Berlin, matriculating in the university's faculty of law and renting a room in the Mittelstrasse.[45] During the first time period, Marx attended lectures of Eduard Gans (who represented the revolutionary Hegelian standpoint, elaborated on rational advancement in historical past by emphasising specifically its libertarian sides, and the significance of social question) and of Karl von Savigny (who represented the Historical School of Law).[46] Although studying law, he was fascinated by philosophy and seemed for a way to mix the two, believing that "without philosophy nothing could be accomplished".[47] Marx became interested in the not too long ago deceased German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, whose ideas were then broadly debated amongst European philosophical circles.[48] During a convalescence in Stralau, he joined the Doctor's Club (Doktorklub), a scholar workforce which mentioned Hegelian ideas, and thru them became involved with a gaggle of radical thinkers referred to as the Young Hegelians in 1837. They collected round Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer, with Marx developing a specifically close friendship with Adolf Rutenberg. Like Marx, the Young Hegelians were crucial of Hegel's metaphysical assumptions, however followed his dialectical technique to criticise established society, politics and faith from a leftist perspective.[49] Marx's father died in May 1838, resulting in a reduced source of revenue for the circle of relatives.[50] Marx were emotionally close to his father and treasured his reminiscence after his dying.[51]
Jenny von Westphalen in the 1830sBy 1837, Marx used to be writing each fiction and non-fiction, having completed a short novel, Scorpion and Felix, a drama, Oulanem, in addition to quite a few love poems dedicated to Jenny von Westphalen, despite the fact that none of this early paintings was printed all through his lifetime.[52] Marx soon abandoned fiction for other pursuits, together with the study of both English and Italian, artwork historical past and the translation of Latin classics.[53] He began co-operating with Bruno Bauer on modifying Hegel's Philosophy of Religion in 1840. Marx was once also engaged in writing his doctoral thesis, The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature,[54] which he completed in 1841. It used to be described as "a daring and original piece of work in which Marx set out to show that theology must yield to the superior wisdom of philosophy".[55] The essay was controversial, particularly among the conservative professors at the University of Berlin. Marx made up our minds as a substitute to publish his thesis to the more liberal University of Jena, whose faculty awarded him his Ph.D. in April 1841.[2][56] As Marx and Bauer were both atheists, in March 1841 they started plans for a magazine entitled Archiv des Atheismus (Atheistic Archives), nevertheless it never got here to fruition. In July, Marx and Bauer took a trip to Bonn from Berlin. There they scandalised their class by getting inebriated, laughing in church and galloping thru the streets on donkeys.[57]
Marx was bearing in mind an educational career, however this trail used to be barred by the executive's rising opposition to classical liberalism and the Young Hegelians.[58] Marx moved to Cologne in 1842, the place he changed into a journalist, writing for the radical newspaper Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland News), expressing his early views on socialism and his creating pastime in economics. Marx criticised right-wing European governments in addition to figures in the liberal and socialist movements, whom he concept ineffective or counter-productive.[59] The newspaper attracted the attention of the Prussian government censors, who checked every issue for seditious subject matter before printing, as Marx lamented: "Our newspaper has to be presented to the police to be sniffed at, and if the police nose smells anything un-Christian or un-Prussian, the newspaper is not allowed to appear".[60] After the Rheinische Zeitung revealed an article strongly criticising the Russian monarchy, Tsar Nicholas I asked or not it's banned and Prussia's government complied in 1843.[61]
Paris: 1843–1845In 1843, Marx changed into co-editor of a new, radical leftist Parisian newspaper, the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (German-French Annals), then being set up by the German activist Arnold Ruge to bring in combination German and French radicals[62] and thus Marx and his wife moved to Paris in October 1843. Initially living with Ruge and his spouse communally at 23 Rue Vaneau, they discovered the residing prerequisites tricky, so moved out following the start of their daughter Jenny in 1844.[63] Although intended to draw writers from each France and the German states, the Jahrbücher was once dominated by the latter and the handiest non-German creator used to be the exiled Russian anarchist collectivist Mikhail Bakunin.[64] Marx contributed two essays to the paper, "Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"[65] and "On the Jewish Question",[66] the latter introducing his belief that the proletariat were a revolutionary pressure and marking his embrace of communism.[67] Only one issue was once printed, however it was slightly a success, largely owing to the inclusion of Heinrich Heine's satirical odes on King Ludwig of Bavaria, main the German states to prohibit it and take hold of imported copies (Ruge nevertheless refused to fund the newsletter of further issues and his friendship with Marx broke down).[68] After the paper's collapse, Marx started writing for the best uncensored German-language radical newspaper left, Vorwärts! (Forward!). Based in Paris, the paper was hooked up to the League of the Just, a utopian socialist secret society of workers and artisans. Marx attended some of their conferences however didn't join.[69] In Vorwärts!, Marx delicate his views on socialism based totally upon Hegelian and Feuerbachian ideas of dialectical materialism, at the same time criticising liberals and other socialists operating in Europe.[70]
Friedrich Engels, whom Marx met in 1844; the two became lifelong buddies and collaborators.On 28 August 1844, Marx met the German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de los angeles Régence, beginning a lifelong friendship.[71] Engels confirmed Marx his not too long ago printed The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844,[72][73] convincing Marx that the working category could be the agent and tool of the ultimate revolution in historical past.[74][75] Soon, Marx and Engels were participating on a grievance of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former buddy, Bruno Bauer. This paintings was once revealed in 1845 as The Holy Family.[76][77] Although important of Bauer, Marx was once more and more influenced by the ideas of the Young Hegelians Max Stirner and Ludwig Feuerbach, however sooner or later Marx and Engels deserted Feuerbachian materialism as properly.[78]
During the time that he lived at 38 Rue Vaneau in Paris (from October 1843 until January 1845),[79] Marx engaged in an extensive find out about of political economic system (Adam Smith, David Ricardo, James Mill, and so forth.),[80] the French socialists (especially Claude Henri St. Simon and Charles Fourier)[81] and the history of France.[82] The find out about of political financial system is a find out about that Marx would pursue for the rest of his existence[83] and would consequence in his major financial work—the three-volume series known as Das Kapital.[84]Marxism is primarily based in large phase on three influences: Hegel's dialectics, French utopian socialism and English economics. Together together with his previous study of Hegel's dialectics, the studying that Marx did all the way through this time in Paris supposed that each one main parts of "Marxism" were in place by the autumn of 1844.[85] Marx was once constantly being pulled away from his find out about of political economic system—no longer most effective by the standard daily demands of the time, however moreover by modifying an intensive newspaper and later by setting up and directing the efforts of a political celebration all through years of doubtless progressive well-liked uprisings of the citizenry. Still Marx was at all times drawn back to his financial studies: he sought "to understand the inner workings of capitalism".[86]
An define of "Marxism" had undoubtedly formed in the thoughts of Karl Marx by past due 1844. Indeed, many features of the Marxist view of the global's political financial system were labored out in tremendous detail, but Marx needed to write down all of the details of his financial international view to further clarify the new economic concept in his personal thoughts.[87] Accordingly, Marx wrote The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts.[88] These manuscripts lined a lot of topics, detailing Marx's concept of alienated labour.[89] However, by the spring of 1845 his continued find out about of political economic system, capital and capitalism had led Marx to the belief that the new political financial concept that he used to be espousing – scientific socialism – needed to be constructed on the base of a thoroughly advanced materialistic view of the world.[90]
The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 have been written between April and August 1844, however soon Marx recognised that the Manuscripts had been influenced by some inconsistent ideas of Ludwig Feuerbach. Accordingly, Marx recognised the need to ruin with Feuerbach's philosophy in favour of ancient materialism, thus a 12 months later (in April 1845) after transferring from Paris to Brussels, Marx wrote his eleven "Theses on Feuerbach".[91] The "Theses on Feuerbach" are perfect recognized for Thesis 11, which states that "philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways, the point is to change it".[89][92] This paintings incorporates Marx's complaint of materialism (for being contemplative), idealism (for lowering apply to concept) total, criticising philosophy for putting summary fact above the bodily global.[89] It thus presented the first glimpse at Marx's historic materialism, an issue that the international is modified no longer by ideas but by precise, bodily, subject material task and apply.[89][93] In 1845, after receiving a request from the Prussian king, the French executive shut down Vorwärts!, with the interior minister, François Guizot, expelling Marx from France.[94] At this point, Marx moved from Paris to Brussels, where Marx was hoping to as soon as once more proceed his learn about of capitalism and political economic system.
Brussels: 1845–1848 The first edition of The Manifesto of the Communist Party, published in German in 1848Unable both to stick in France or to transport to Germany, Marx decided to to migrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845. However, to stay in Belgium he had to pledge to not post anything on the matter of recent politics.[94] In Brussels, Marx related to different exiled socialists from throughout Europe, together with Moses Hess, Karl Heinzen and Joseph Weydemeyer. In April 1845, Engels moved from Barmen in Germany to Brussels to enroll in Marx and the growing cadre of members of the League of the Just now searching for home in Brussels.[94][95] Later, Mary Burns, Engels' long-time companion, left Manchester, England to enroll in Engels in Brussels.[96]
In mid-July 1845, Marx and Engels left Brussels for England to consult with the leaders of the Chartists, a working-class motion in Britain. This used to be Marx's first trip to England and Engels used to be a super information for the commute. Engels had already spent two years dwelling in Manchester from November 1842[97] to August 1844.[98] Not simplest did Engels already know the English language,[99] he had also advanced an in depth dating with many Chartist leaders.[99] Indeed, Engels was serving as a reporter for many Chartist and socialist English newspapers.[99] Marx used the travel as a chance to examine the economic assets to be had for study in more than a few libraries in London and Manchester.[100]
In collaboration with Engels, Marx also set about writing a book which is continuously observed as his excellent treatment of the thought of ancient materialism, The German Ideology.[101] In this paintings, Marx broke with Ludwig Feuerbach, Bruno Bauer, Max Stirner and the remainder of the Young Hegelians, whilst he also broke with Karl Grün and different "true socialists" whose philosophies were still based in section on "idealism". In German Ideology, Marx and Engels in any case completed their philosophy, which was once based totally solely on materialism as the sole motor pressure in history.[102]German Ideology is written in a humorously satirical kind, however even this satirical sort didn't save the work from censorship. Like so many different early writings of his, German Ideology would not be published in Marx's lifetime and can be revealed only in 1932.[89][103][104]
After completing German Ideology, Marx became to a piece that used to be meant to clarify his own place regarding "the theory and tactics" of a truly "revolutionary proletarian movement" working from the viewpoint of a truly "scientific materialist" philosophy.[105] This work was supposed to draw a distinction between the utopian socialists and Marx's personal scientific socialist philosophy. Whereas the utopians believed that individuals should be persuaded one person at a time to enroll in the socialist movement, the way a person must be persuaded to undertake any different trust, Marx knew that individuals would tend, on most occasions, to act in accordance with their own financial interests, thus interesting to a complete class (the operating class in this example) with a huge attraction to the class's perfect material hobby could be the very best way to mobilise the vast mass of that category to make a revolution and trade society. This was the intent of the new book that Marx was planning, but to get the manuscript past the executive censors he referred to as the book The Poverty of Philosophy (1847)[106] and introduced it as a reaction to the "petty-bourgeois philosophy" of the French anarchist socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon as expressed in his ebook The Philosophy of Poverty (1840).[107]
Marx together with his daughters and EngelsThese books laid the foundation for Marx and Engels's most renowned paintings, a political pamphlet that has since come to be repeatedly known as The Communist Manifesto. While living in Brussels in 1846, Marx persisted his association with the secret radical organisation League of the Just.[108] As famous above, Marx thought the League to be just the type of radical organisation that was had to spur the operating class of Europe toward the mass movement that will carry a couple of working-class revolution.[109] However, to organise the working class right into a mass movement the League needed to stop its "secret" or "underground" orientation and perform in the open as a political party.[110] Members of the League sooner or later become persuaded in this regard. Accordingly, in June 1847 the League was reorganised by its club into a new open "above ground" political society that appealed immediately to the operating categories.[111] This new open political society used to be called the Communist League.[112] Both Marx and Engels participated in drawing up the programme and organisational principles of the new Communist League.[113]
In late 1847, Marx and Engels started writing what was once to turn into their most famous paintings – a programme of motion for the Communist League. Written collectively by Marx and Engels from December 1847 to January 1848, The Communist Manifesto was first published on 21 February 1848.[114]The Communist Manifesto laid out the ideals of the new Communist League. No longer a secret society, the Communist League wanted to make goals and intentions transparent to the common public relatively than hiding its ideals as the League of the Just have been doing.[115] The opening strains of the pamphlet set forth the fundamental foundation of Marxism: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles".[116] It is going on to examine the antagonisms that Marx claimed were arising in the clashes of interest between the bourgeoisie (the wealthy capitalist category) and the proletariat (the industrial working class). Proceeding on from this, the Manifesto gifts the argument for why the Communist League, versus other socialist and liberal political events and teams at the time, was truly appearing in the pursuits of the proletariat to overthrow capitalist society and to replace it with socialism.[117]
Later that 12 months, Europe skilled a chain of protests, rebellions, and ceaselessly violent upheavals that turned into known as the Revolutions of 1848.[118] In France, a revolution resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy and the established order of the French Second Republic.[118] Marx was supportive of such activity and having lately received a substantial inheritance from his father (withheld by his uncle Lionel Philips since his father's loss of life in 1838) of either 6,000[119] or 5,000 francs[120][121] he allegedly used a 3rd of it to arm Belgian employees who were making plans innovative action.[121] Although the veracity of these allegations is disputed,[119][122] the Belgian Ministry of Justice accused Marx of it, subsequently arresting him and he was pressured to escape again to France, the place with a brand new republican govt in persistent he believed that he could be safe.[121][123]
Cologne: 1848–1849Temporarily settling down in Paris, Marx transferred the Communist League govt headquarters to the city and also arrange a German Workers' Club with more than a few German socialists dwelling there.[124] Hoping to look the revolution unfold to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne the place he started issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany,[125] in which he argued for handiest 4 of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time the bourgeoisie must overthrow the feudal monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.[126] On 1 June, Marx started the newsletter of a day by day newspaper, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, which he helped to finance thru his recent inheritance from his father. Designed to position ahead news from across Europe together with his personal Marxist interpretation of events, the newspaper featured Marx as a number one author and the dominant editorial affect. Despite contributions by fellow members of the Communist League, in keeping with Friedrich Engels it remained "a simple dictatorship by Marx".[127][128][129]
Whilst editor of the paper, Marx and the other modern socialists were incessantly confused by the police and Marx was once dropped at trial on a number of occasions, facing more than a few allegations including insulting the Chief Public Prosecutor, committing a press misdemeanor and inciting armed riot via tax boycotting,[130][131][132][133] even though every time he was once acquitted.[131][133][134] Meanwhile, the democratic parliament in Prussia collapsed and the king, Frederick William IV, introduced a new cabinet of his reactionary supporters, who carried out counter-revolutionary measures to expunge leftist and different innovative elements from the country.[130] Consequently, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung used to be soon suppressed and Marx was once ordered to leave the nation on 16 May.[129][135] Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counter-revolution and a cholera epidemic, and was once soon expelled by the city authorities, who regarded as him a political danger. With his wife Jenny expecting their fourth kid and not able to transport back to Germany or Belgium, in August 1849 he sought safe haven in London.[136][137]
Move to London and additional writing: 1850–1860Marx moved to London in early June 1849 and would stay primarily based in the city for the rest of his life. The headquarters of the Communist League also moved to London. However, in the winter of 1849–1850, a cut up inside of the ranks of the Communist League happened when a faction inside of it led by August Willich and Karl Schapper started agitating for an immediate rebellion. Willich and Schapper believed that once the Communist League had initiated the rebellion, the complete operating class from across Europe would rise "spontaneously" to enroll in it, thus developing revolution across Europe. Marx and Engels protested that such an unplanned uprising on the a part of the Communist League used to be "adventuristic" and can be suicide for the Communist League.[138] Such an uprising as that recommended by the Schapper/Willich group would easily be overwhelmed by the police and the militia of the reactionary governments of Europe. Marx maintained that this would spell doom for the Communist League itself, arguing that changes in society don't seem to be completed in a single day through the efforts and will chronic of a handful of fellows.[138] They are as a substitute caused through a systematic research of economic conditions of society and by shifting towards revolution via different phases of social development. In the present stage of advancement (circa 1850), following the defeat of the uprisings across Europe in 1848 he felt that the Communist League must inspire the operating class to unite with revolutionary elements of the emerging bourgeoisie to defeat the feudal aristocracy on issues involving calls for for governmental reforms, comparable to a constitutional republic with freely elected assemblies and common (male) suffrage. In different words, the operating class will have to join with bourgeois and democratic forces to result in the a success conclusion of the bourgeois revolution sooner than stressing the operating category time table and a working-class revolution.
After a long battle that threatened to break the Communist League, Marx's opinion prevailed and eventually, the Willich/Schapper staff left the Communist League. Meanwhile, Marx additionally changed into closely concerned with the socialist German Workers' Educational Society.[139] The Society held their conferences in Great Windmill Street, Soho, central London's leisure district.[140][141] This organisation used to be additionally racked by an internal fight between its participants, a few of whom followed Marx while others followed the Schapper/Willich faction. The problems in this inside cut up were the same problems raised in the internal cut up inside the Communist League, however Marx misplaced the fight with the Schapper/Willich faction within the German Workers' Educational Society and on 17 September 1850 resigned from the Society.[142]
New-York Daily Tribune and journalismIn the early length in London, Marx dedicated himself nearly exclusively to his research, such that his circle of relatives endured excessive poverty.[143][144] His primary source of source of revenue used to be Engels, whose personal source was his wealthy industrialist father.[144] In Prussia as editor of his personal newspaper, and contributor to others ideologically aligned, Marx may just achieve his target audience, the working classes. In London, with out budget to run a newspaper themselves, he and Engels grew to become to global journalism. At one degree they were being printed by six newspapers from England, the United States, Prussia, Austria, and South Africa.[145] Marx's most important income came from his paintings as European correspondent, from 1852 to 1862, for the New-York Daily Tribune,[146]:17 and from also producing articles for more "bourgeois" newspapers. Marx had his articles translated from German by Wilhelm Pieper, till his talent in English had develop into ok.[147]
The New-York Daily Tribune have been based in April 1841 by Horace Greeley.[148] Its editorial board contained modern bourgeois newshounds and publishers, amongst them George Ripley and the journalist Charles Dana, who used to be editor-in-chief. Dana, a fourierist and an abolitionist, used to be Marx's touch. The Tribune was once a vehicle for Marx to achieve a transatlantic public, corresponding to for his "hidden warfare" against Henry Charles Carey.[149] The journal had large working-class enchantment from its basis; at two cents, it used to be inexpensive;[150] and, with about 50,000 copies in keeping with factor, its movement used to be the widest in the United States.[146]:14 Its editorial ethos was modern and its anti-slavery stance mirrored Greeley's.[146]:82 Marx's first article for the paper, on the British parliamentary elections, was published on 21 August 1852.[151]
On 21 March 1857, Dana informed Marx that due to the economic recession just one article per week could be paid for, printed or no longer; the others could be paid for provided that revealed. Marx had sent his articles on Tuesdays and Fridays, but, that October, the Tribune discharged all its correspondents in Europe aside from Marx and B. Taylor, and diminished Marx to a weekly article. Between September and November 1860, only five were printed. After a six-month period, Marx resumed contributions from September 1861 until March 1862, when Dana wrote to tell him that there was not area in the Tribune for experiences from London, because of American domestic affairs.[152] In 1868, Dana set up a rival newspaper, the New York Sun, at which he was editor-in-chief.[153] In April 1857, Dana invited Marx to contribute articles, mainly on military historical past, to the New American Cyclopedia, an concept of George Ripley, Dana's buddy and literary editor of the Tribune. In all, 67 Marx-Engels articles were revealed, of which 51 were written by Engels, although Marx did a little research for them in the British Museum.[154] By the late 1850s, American widespread hobby in European affairs waned and Marx's articles turned to subjects similar to the "slavery crisis" and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 in the "War Between the States".[155] Between December 1851 and March 1852, Marx labored on his theoretical work about the French Revolution of 1848, titled The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon.[156] In this he explored concepts in historic materialism, category combat, dictatorship of the proletariat, and victory of the proletariat over the bourgeois state.[157]
The 1850s and 1860s may be mentioned to mark a philosophical boundary distinguishing the younger Marx's Hegelian idealism and the extra mature Marx's[158][159][160][161] scientific ideology related to structural Marxism.[161] However, not all scholars settle for this distinction.[160][162] For Marx and Engels, their experience of the Revolutions of 1848 to 1849 were formative in the advancement of their principle of economics and historical development. After the "failures" of 1848, the innovative impetus appeared spent and to not be renewed with out an economic recession. Contention arose between Marx and his fellow communists, whom he denounced as "adventurists". Marx deemed it fanciful to propose that "will power" could be sufficient to create the innovative stipulations when in fact the economic component used to be the important needful. The recession in the United States' economy in 1852 gave Marx and Engels grounds for optimism for revolutionary process, but this financial system was noticed as too immature for a capitalist revolution. Open territories on America's western frontier dissipated the forces of social unrest. Moreover, any economic disaster coming up in the United States would no longer lead to modern contagion of the older economies of person European nations, which were closed methods bounded by their nationwide borders. When the so-called Panic of 1857 in the United States spread globally, it broke all economic concept models, and used to be the first really international economic crisis.[163]
Financial necessity had pressured Marx to desert financial studies in 1844 and give thirteen years to working on other initiatives. He had at all times sought to return to economics.
First International and Das Kapital The first volume of Das KapitalMarx endured to put in writing articles for the New York Daily Tribune as long as he was once positive that the Tribune's editorial coverage used to be still modern. However, the departure of Charles Dana from the paper in past due 1861 and the resultant alternate in the editorial board led to a brand new editorial coverage.[164] No longer used to be the Tribune to be a robust abolitionist paper devoted to an entire Union victory. The new editorial board supported an immediate peace between the Union and the Confederacy in the Civil War in the United States with slavery left intact in the Confederacy. Marx strongly disagreed with this new political place and in 1863 was once pressured to withdraw as a author for the Tribune.[165]
In 1864, Marx became involved in the International Workingmen's Association (sometimes called the First International),[131] to whose General Council he used to be elected at its inception in 1864.[166] In that organisation, Marx used to be concerned in the struggle towards the anarchist wing centred on Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876).[144] Although Marx won this contest, the transfer of the seat of the General Council from London to New York in 1872, which Marx supported, led to the decline of the International.[167] The maximum important political match throughout the life of the International used to be the Paris Commune of 1871 when the electorate of Paris rebelled against their executive and held the town for 2 months. In response to the bloody suppression of this revolt, Marx wrote one in every of his most renowned pamphlets, "The Civil War in France", a defence of the Commune.[168][169]
Given the repeated screw ups and frustrations of staff' revolutions and actions, Marx additionally sought to grasp capitalism and spent a substantial amount of time in the studying room of the British Museum studying and reflecting on the works of political economists and on economic information.[170] By 1857, Marx had accrued over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, landed belongings, salary labour, the state, and international business, and the world market, though this paintings didn't seem in print until 1939 under the name Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy.[171][172][173]
In 1859, Marx revealed A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,[174] his first severe financial work. This work used to be supposed merely as a preview of his three-volume Das Kapital (English title: Capital: Critique of Political Economy), which he supposed to submit at a later date. In A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx expands on the labour idea of price advocated by David Ricardo. The work used to be enthusiastically won, and the edition sold out quickly.[175]
Marx photographed by John Mayall, 1875The successful gross sales of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy stimulated Marx in the early 1860s to complete paintings on the three vast volumes that might compose his main lifestyles's work – Das Kapital and the Theories of Surplus Value, which mentioned the theoreticians of political economy, in particular Adam Smith and David Ricardo.[144]Theories of Surplus Value is ceaselessly known as the fourth quantity of Das Kapital and constitutes considered one of the first comprehensive treatises on the history of economic concept.[176] In 1867, the first volume of Das Kapital used to be revealed, a work which analysed the capitalist means of production.[177] Here Marx elaborated his labour idea of price, which were influenced by Thomas Hodgskin. Marx said Hodgskin's "admirable work" Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital at a couple of point in Das Kapital.[178] Indeed, Marx quoted Hodgskin as recognising the alienation of labour that happened below modern capitalist manufacturing. No longer was once there any "natural reward of individual labour. Each labourer produces only some part of a whole, and each part having no value or utility of itself, there is nothing on which the labourer can seize, and say: 'This is my product, this will I keep to myself'".[179] In this primary volume of Das Kapital, Marx outlined his conception of surplus worth and exploitation, which he argued would ultimately result in a falling rate of benefit and the cave in of commercial capitalism.[180] Demand for a Russian language version of Das Kapital quickly resulted in the printing of 3,000 copies of the e-book in the Russian language, which used to be revealed on 27 March 1872. By the autumn of 1871, the whole first edition of the German-language edition of Das Kapital had been offered out and a moment version was once revealed.
Volumes II and III of Das Kapital remained mere manuscripts upon which Marx persevered to paintings for the rest of his lifestyles. Both volumes were revealed by Engels after Marx's dying.[144] Volume II of Das Kapital was prepared and published by Engels in July 1893 below the identify Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital.[181] Volume III of Das Kapital used to be revealed a 12 months later in October 1894 beneath the name Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole.[182]Theories of Surplus Value derived from the sprawling Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863, a moment draft for Das Kapital, the latter spanning volumes 30–34 of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels. Specifically, Theories of Surplus Value runs from the latter part of the Collected Works' thirtieth quantity via the finish in their thirty-second volume;[183][184][185] in the meantime, the higher Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863 run from the get started of the Collected Works' thirtieth volume via the first half of of their thirty-fourth volume. The latter half of of the Collected Works' thirty-fourth quantity is composed of the surviving fragments of the Economic Manuscripts of 1863–1864, which represented a 3rd draft for Das Kapital, and a big portion of which is included as an appendix to the Penguin version of Das Kapital, quantity I.[186] A German-language abridged edition of Theories of Surplus Value was once revealed in 1905 and in 1910. This abridged version used to be translated into English and published in 1951 in London, however the complete unabridged edition of Theories of Surplus Value used to be printed as the "fourth volume" of Das Kapital in 1963 and 1971 in Moscow.[187]
Marx in 1882During the remaining decade of his existence, Marx's well being declined and he was incapable of the sustained effort that had characterised his previous work.[144] He did manage to remark considerably on recent politics, particularly in Germany and Russia. His Critique of the Gotha Programme hostile the tendency of his fans Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel to compromise with the state socialism of Ferdinand Lassalle in the pursuits of a united socialist celebration.[144] This work is also notable for another famous Marx quote: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need".[188]
In a letter to Vera Zasulich dated 8 March 1881, Marx contemplated the risk of Russia's bypassing the capitalist level of development and building communism on the basis of the not unusual ownership of land function of the village mir.[144][189] While admitting that Russia's rural "commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia", Marx also warned that in order for the mir to operate as a means for shifting instantly to the socialist level without a previous capitalist level it "would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it (the rural commune) from all sides".[190] Given the removal of these pernicious influences, Marx allowed that "normal conditions of spontaneous development" of the rural commune may exist.[190] However, in the similar letter to Vera Zasulich he issues out that "at the core of the capitalist system ... lies the complete separation of the producer from the means of production".[190] In considered one of the drafts of this letter, Marx finds his growing hobby for anthropology, motivated by his trust that future communism could be a go back on a better degree to the communism of our prehistoric previous. He wrote that "the historical trend of our age is the fatal crisis which capitalist production has undergone in the European and American countries where it has reached its highest peak, a crisis that will end in its destruction, in the return of modern society to a higher form of the most archaic type – collective production and appropriation". He added that "the vitality of primitive communities was incomparably greater than that of Semitic, Greek, Roman, etc. societies, and, a fortiori, that of modern capitalist societies".[191] Before he died, Marx asked Engels to write down up those concepts, which were printed in 1884 below the name The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.
Personal lifestyles
Family Jenny Carolina and Jenny Laura Marx (1869): all the Marx daughters were named Jenny in honour of their mother, Jenny von Westphalen.Marx and von Westphalen had seven children together, however partly owing to the poor stipulations in which they lived whilst in London, most effective 3 survived to adulthood.[192] The kids were: Jenny Caroline (m. Longuet; 1844–1883); Jenny Laura (m. Lafargue; 1845–1911); Edgar (1847–1855); Henry Edward Guy ("Guido"; 1849–1850); Jenny Eveline Frances ("Franziska"; 1851–1852); Jenny Julia Eleanor (1855–1898) and yet another who died ahead of being named (July 1857). According to his son-in-law, Paul Lafargue, Marx was a loving father.[193] In 1962, there were allegations that Marx fathered a son, Freddy,[194] out of wedlock by his housekeeper, Helene Demuth,[195] but the declare is disputed for lack of documented evidence.[196]
Marx often used pseudonyms, regularly when renting a house or flat, it sounds as if to make it harder for the government to trace him down. While in Paris, he used that of "Monsieur Ramboz", whilst in London, he signed off his letters as "A. Williams". His friends referred to him as "Moor", owing to his dark complexion and black curly hair, whilst he encouraged his children to call him "Old Nick" and "Charley".[197] He also bestowed nicknames and pseudonyms on his pals and family as nicely, regarding Friedrich Engels as "General", his housekeeper Helene as "Lenchen" or "Nym", while one of his daughters, Jennychen, was once referred to as "Qui Qui, Emperor of China" and every other, Laura, used to be known as "Kakadou" or "the Hottentot".[197]
HealthAlthough Marx had under the influence of alcohol alcohol prior to he joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking society, after he had joined the club he began to drink more closely and persevered to do so all through his whole existence.[40]
Marx used to be stricken by poor health (what he himself described as "the wretchedness of existence")[198] and various authors have sought to describe and give an explanation for it. His biographer Werner Blumenberg attributed it to liver and gall problems which Marx had in 1849 and from which he used to be by no means in a while unfastened, exacerbated by an wrong way of life. The attacks incessantly came with complications, eye inflammation, neuralgia in the head, and rheumatic pains. A significant nervous dysfunction appeared in 1877 and protracted insomnia was a outcome, which Marx fought with narcotics. The illness used to be irritated by over the top nocturnal paintings and erroneous diet. Marx used to be keen on highly seasoned dishes, smoked fish, caviare, pickled cucumbers, "none of which are good for liver patients", but he additionally liked wine and liqueurs and smoked an enormous quantity "and since he had no money, it was usually bad-quality cigars". From 1863, Marx complained so much about boils: "These are very frequent with liver patients and may be due to the same causes".[199] The abscesses were so dangerous that Marx could neither take a seat nor work upright. According to Blumenberg, Marx's irritability is frequently found in liver patients:
The sickness emphasized certain traits in his persona. He argued cuttingly, his biting satire did not shrink at insults, and his expressions could be rude and merciless. Though in common Marx had blind religion in his closest buddies, nonetheless he himself complained that he used to be sometimes too mistrustful and unjust even to them. His verdicts, no longer best about enemies however even about buddies, were occasionally so harsh that even less delicate people would take offence ... There must have been few whom he didn't criticize like this ... not even Engels used to be an exception.[200]
According to Princeton historian J.E. Seigel, in his overdue teenagers, Marx can have had pneumonia or pleurisy, the effects of which ended in his being exempted from Prussian military carrier. In later existence while operating on Das Kapital (which he never completed),[201] Marx suffered from a trio of afflictions. A liver ailment, more than likely hereditary, was annoyed by overwork, a foul vitamin, and loss of sleep. Inflammation of the eyes was brought on by too much work at evening. A 3rd affliction, eruption of carbuncles or boils, "was probably brought on by general physical debility to which the various features of Marx's style of life – alcohol, tobacco, poor diet, and failure to sleep – all contributed. Engels often exhorted Marx to alter this dangerous regime". In Professor Siegel's thesis, what lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his well being may have been guilt about self-involvement and egoism, in the beginning caused in Karl Marx by his father.[202]
In 2007, a retrodiagnosis of Marx's skin illness used to be made by dermatologist Sam Shuster of Newcastle University and for Shuster, the maximum possible rationalization was once that Marx suffered no longer from liver problems, however from hidradenitis suppurativa, a ordinary infective situation arising from blockage of apocrine ducts opening into hair follicles. This situation, which was once now not described in the English medical literature until 1933 (therefore wouldn't have been known to Marx's physicians), can produce joint ache (which might be misdiagnosed as rheumatic disorder) and painful eye stipulations. To arrive at his retrodiagnosis, Shuster thought to be the number one subject matter: the Marx correspondence printed in the 50 volumes of the Marx/Engels Collected Works. There, "although the skin lesions were called 'furuncles', 'boils' and 'carbuncles' by Marx, his wife, and his physicians, they were too persistent, recurrent, destructive and site-specific for that diagnosis". The websites of the persistent 'carbuncles' were noted time and again in the armpits, groins, perianal, genital (penis and scrotum) and suprapubic regions and internal thighs, "favoured sites of hidradenitis suppurativa". Professor Shuster claimed the prognosis "can now be made definitively".[203]
Shuster went directly to consider the doable psychosocial effects of the illness, noting that the skin is an organ of verbal exchange and that hidradenitis suppurativa produces a lot psychological distress, including loathing and disgust and depression of self-image, mood, and well-being, emotions for which Shuster discovered "much evidence" in the Marx correspondence. Professor Shuster went on to ask himself whether the psychological results of the disease affected Marx's paintings and even helped him to broaden his idea of alienation.[204]
Death Tomb of Karl Marx, East Highgate Cemetery, LondonFollowing the loss of life of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a catarrh that stored him in in poor health health for the remaining 15 months of his lifestyles. It in the end introduced on the bronchitis and pleurisy that killed him in London on 14 March 1883, when he died a stateless particular person at age 64.[205] Family and friends in London buried his frame in Highgate Cemetery (East), London, on 17 March 1883 in an area reserved for agnostics and atheists (George Eliot's grave is close by). According to Francis Wheen there were between 9 and 11 mourners at his funeral,[206][207] alternatively research from contemporary sources identifies 13 named folks attending the funeral. They were, Friedrich Engels, Eleanor Marx, Edward Aveling, Paul Lafargue, Charles Longuet, Helene Demuth, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Gottlieb Lemke, Frederick Lessner, G Lochner, Sir Ray Lankester, Carl Schorlemmer and Ernest Radford.[208] A contemporary newspaper account claims that 25 to 30 kinfolk and pals attended the funeral.[209] A writer in The Graphic famous that 'By a extraordinary blunder ... his death was now not announced for 2 days, and then as having taken position at Paris. The subsequent day the correction came from Paris; and when his buddies and followers hastened to his house in Haverstock Hill, to be told the time and place of burial, they discovered that he was once already in the chilly ground. But for this secresy [sic] and haste, an excellent widespread demonstration would indisputably have been held over his grave'.[210]
Several of his closest friends spoke at his funeral, including Wilhelm Liebknecht and Friedrich Engels. Engels' speech included the passage:
On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the largest dwelling thinker ceased to suppose. He had been left by myself for scarcely two mins, and after we came back we discovered him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep – however perpetually.[211]
Marx's surviving daughters Eleanor and Laura, in addition to Charles Longuet and Paul Lafargue, Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, were additionally in attendance.[207] He were predeceased by his wife and his eldest daughter, the latter loss of life a few months previous in January 1883. Liebknecht, a founder and chief of the German Social Democratic Party, gave a speech in German and Longuet, a distinguished determine in the French working-class movement, made a brief remark in French.[207] Two telegrams from workers' parties in France and Spain were also learn out.[207] Together with Engels's speech, this constituted the entire programme of the funeral.[207] Non-relatives attending the funeral included 3 communist pals of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for 3 years after the Cologne Communist Trial of 1852; G. Lochner, whom Engels described as "an old member of the Communist League"; and Carl Schorlemmer, a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the Royal Society and a communist activist involved in the 1848 Baden revolution.[207] Another attendee of the funeral was Ray Lankester, a British zoologist who would later become a distinguished educational.[207]
Marx left a non-public estate valued for probate at £250 (equivalent to £25,365 in 2019[212]).[213] Upon his personal dying in 1895, Engels left Marx's two surviving daughters a "significant portion" of his really extensive property (valued in 2011 at US.8 million).[194]
Marx and his family were reburied on a new website online within sight in November 1954. The tomb at the new web site, unveiled on 14 March 1956,[214] bears the carved message: "Workers of All Lands Unite", the final line of The Communist Manifesto; and, from the eleventh "Thesis on Feuerbach" (as edited by Engels), "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways—the point however is to change it".[215] The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) had the monument with a portrait bust by Laurence Bradshaw erected and Marx's authentic tomb had simplest humble adornment.[215] Black civil rights chief and CPGB activist Claudia Jones was once later buried beside Karl Marx's tomb.
The Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm remarked: "One cannot say Marx died a failure" because even supposing he had now not achieved a large following of disciples in Britain, his writings had already begun to make an impact on the leftist actions in Germany and Russia. Within 25 years of his loss of life, the continental European socialist parties that said Marx's influence on their politics were every gaining between 15 and 47 % in the ones international locations with consultant democratic elections.[216]
Thought
Part of a chain onMarxism Theoretical works Economic and PhilosophicManuscripts of 1844 Theses on Feuerbach The German Ideology Wage Labour and Capital The Communist Manifesto The Eighteenth Brumaire ofLouis Napoleon Grundrisse der Kritikder Politischen Ökonomie A Contribution to theCritique of Political Economy Das Kapital Critique of the Gotha Program Dialectics of Nature Philosophy Economic determinism Historical materialism Marx's dialectic Marx's manner Philosophy of nature Economics Capital (accumulation) Crisis idea Commodity Exploitation Factors of manufacturing Means of work Means of manufacturing Mode of manufacturing Asiatic Capitalist Socialist Law of value Productive forces Scientific socialism Surplus product Surplus worth Value-form Wage exertions Sociology Alienation Base and superstructure Bourgeoisie Class Class awareness Class struggle Classless society Commodity fetishism Communist society Cultural hegemony Dictatorship of the proletariat Exploitation Free association General intellect Human nature Ideology Immiseration Lumpenproletariat Metabolic rift Proletariat Private property Relations of production Reification State theory Social metabolism Working category History Anarchism and Marxism Philosophy in the Soviet Union Primitive accumulation Proletarian revolution Proletarian internationalism World revolution Young Marx Aspects Aesthetics Archaeology Criminology Cultural research Feminism Film principle Geography Historiography Literary complaint Marxism and faith Variants Analytical Austro Budapest School Centrist Classical Democratic socialism Eurocommunism Frankfurt School Freudian Hegelian Humanist Impossibilism Instrumental Libertarian Autonomism Council communism De Leonism Left communism Bordigism Leninism Marxism–Leninism Maoism Trotskyism Neo-Gramscianism Neo- Neue Marx-Lektüre Open Orthodox Political Post- Revisionist Praxis School Social democracy Structural Western People Karl Marx Engels Bebel Bernstein De Leon Kautsky Eleanor Marx Debs Hardie Plekhanov Zetkin Gorky Connolly Lenin Luxemburg Liebknecht Kollontai Pannekoek Bukharin Stalin Trotsky Borochov Lukács Korsch Ho Gramsci Benjamin Mao Horkheimer Ibárruri Reich Aragon Brecht Marcuse Fromm Lefebvre Adorno Sartre Rubel Beauvoir Allende Dunayevskaya Mills Hobsbawm Althusser Pasolini Zinn Miliband Parenti Bauman Guevara Castro Debord Fanon Harvey Wolff Sankara Žižek Losurdo Varoufakis Wood Related subjects Critical theory Criticism of Marxism Communism History of communism Left-wing politics New Left Old Left Social anarchism Anarcho-communism Socialism Libertarian Revolutionary Utopian Related categories ► Karl Marx Outline Communism portal Philosophy portal Socialism portalvteInfluences Main article: Influences on Karl MarxMarx's idea demonstrates influences from many thinkers including, however now not restricted to:
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy[217] The classical political economy (economics) of Adam Smith and David Ricardo,[218] in addition to Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi's critique of laissez-faire economics and analysis of the precarious state of the proletariat[4] French socialist concept,[218] in particular the thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henri de Saint-Simon, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Charles Fourier[219][220] Earlier German philosophical materialism amongst the Young Hegelians, specifically that of Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer,[78] in addition to the French materialism of the overdue 18th century, including Diderot, Claude Adrien Helvétius and d'Holbach The operating class research by Friedrich Engels,[74] in addition to the early descriptions of class supplied by French liberals and Saint-Simonians comparable to François Guizot and Augustin Thierry Marx's Judaic legacy has been identified as formative to both his moral outlook[221] and his materialist philosophy.[222]Marx's view of history, which got here to be known as historical materialism (controversially tailored as the philosophy of dialectical materialism by Engels and Lenin), without a doubt presentations the influence of Hegel's declare that one will have to view reality (and history) dialectically.[217] However, Hegel had idea in idealist terms, placing concepts in the forefront, while Marx sought to rewrite dialectics in materialist terms, arguing for the primacy of matter over concept.[89][217] Where Hegel saw the "spirit" as driving history, Marx noticed this as an unnecessary mystification, obscuring the truth of humanity and its bodily actions shaping the global.[217] He wrote that Hegelianism stood the movement of truth on its head, and that one had to set it upon its feet.[217] Despite his dislike of mystical terms, Marx used Gothic language in several of his works: in The Communist Manifesto he publicizes "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre", and in The Capital he refers to capital as "necromancy that surrounds the products of labour".[223]
Though inspired by French socialist and sociological concept,[218] Marx criticised utopian socialists, arguing that their favoured small-scale socialistic communities would be bound to marginalisation and poverty and that just a large-scale trade in the economic system can bring about real trade.[220]
The different vital contributions to Marx's revision of Hegelianism came from Engels's e book, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which led Marx to conceive of the ancient dialectic in terms of sophistication struggle and to look the fashionable operating category as the maximum revolutionary force for revolution,[74] as well as from the social democrat Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz, who in Die Bewegung der Produktion described the motion of society as "flowing from the contradiction between the forces of production and the mode of production."[5][6]
Marx believed that he may find out about history and society scientifically and discern inclinations of historical past and the ensuing end result of social conflicts. Some followers of Marx, subsequently, concluded that a communist revolution would inevitably occur. However, Marx famously asserted in the eleventh of his "Theses on Feuerbach" that "philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point however is to change it" and he clearly dedicated himself to trying to alter the global.[16][215]
Marx's theories inspired a number of theories and disciplines of future together with, however no longer limited to:
Kondratiev wave and Kuznets swing Theory of Underconsumption Creative destruction Crisis principle Quantitative Economic History World-systems theoryPhilosophy and social thoughtMarx's polemic with other thinkers ceaselessly took place thru critique and thus he has been called "the first great user of critical method in social sciences".[217][218] He criticised speculative philosophy, equating metaphysics with ideology.[224] By adopting this method, Marx tried to split key findings from ideological biases.[218] This set him aside from many fresh philosophers.[16]
Human nature Further knowledge: Marx's concept of human nature The philosophers G.W.F. Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach, whose ideas on dialectics closely influenced MarxLike Tocqueville, who described a faceless and bureaucratic despotism and not using a identifiable despot,[225] Marx also broke with classical thinkers who spoke of a unmarried tyrant and with Montesquieu, who mentioned the nature of the single despot. Instead, Marx set out to analyse "the despotism of capital".[226] Fundamentally, Marx assumed that human history involves remodeling human nature, which encompasses each human beings and subject matter objects.[227] Humans recognise that they possess each exact and attainable selves.[228][229] For each Marx and Hegel, self-development starts with an enjoy of interior alienation stemming from this popularity, followed by a realisation that the precise self, as a subjective agent, renders its potential counterpart an object to be apprehended.[229] Marx further argues that by moulding nature[230] in desired techniques[231] the matter takes the object as its own and thus allows the individual to be actualised as absolutely human. For Marx, the human nature – Gattungswesen, or species-being – exists as a serve as of human labour.[228][229][231] Fundamental to Marx's concept of significant labour is the proposition that for an issue to return to phrases with its alienated object it must first exert influence upon literal, subject material objects in the matter's global.[232] Marx acknowledges that Hegel "grasps the nature of work and comprehends objective man, authentic because actual, as the result of his own work",[233] but characterises Hegelian self-development as unduly "spiritual" and summary.[234] Marx thus departs from Hegel by insisting that "the fact that man is a corporeal, actual, sentient, objective being with natural capacities means that he has actual, sensuous objects for his nature as objects of his life-expression, or that he can only express his life in actual sensuous objects".[232] Consequently, Marx revises Hegelian "work" into subject matter "labour" and in the context of human capacity to turn into nature the time period "labour power".[89]
Labour, class battle and false awareness Further data: Labour concept of valueThe historical past of all hitherto present society is the history of sophistication struggles.
— Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto[235] A monument devoted to Marx and Engels in Shanghai, ChinaMarx had a distinct concern with how people relate to their very own labour persistent.[236] He wrote broadly about this in terms of the problem of alienation.[237] As with the dialectic, Marx started with a Hegelian perception of alienation but developed a extra materialist conception.[236] Capitalism mediates social relationships of manufacturing (equivalent to amongst workers or between staff and capitalists) through commodities, including labour, which might be bought and bought on the market.[236] For Marx, the possibility that one would possibly surrender ownership of 1's own labour – one's capacity to change into the global – is tantamount to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a religious loss.[236] Marx described this loss as commodity fetishism, in which the things that folks produce, commodities, seem to have a life and movement of their very own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt.[238]
Commodity fetishism supplies an example of what Engels referred to as "false consciousness",[239] which relates intently to the understanding of ideology. By "ideology", Marx and Engels meant ideas that reflect the interests of a specific class at a particular time in history, however which contemporaries see as common and eternal.[240] Marx and Engels's level used to be now not most effective that such beliefs are at supreme half-truths, as they serve the most important political serve as. Put every other way, the keep an eye on that one class exercises over the method of production include no longer handiest the production of food or manufactured items but additionally the manufacturing of concepts (this provides one possible explanation for why members of a subordinate class would possibly hold ideas contrary to their own interests).[89][241] An example of this sort of analysis is Marx's working out of religion, summed up in a passage from the preface[242] to his 1843 Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right:
Religious struggling is, at one and the similar time, the expression of real suffering and a protest in opposition to actual suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless stipulations. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of faith as the illusory happiness of the folks is the call for for their actual happiness. To name on them to surrender their illusions about their condition is to name on them to surrender a situation that requires illusions.[243]
Whereas his Gymnasium senior thesis at the Gymnasium zu Trier argued that religion had as its primary social purpose the promotion of solidarity, here Marx sees the social function of religion in terms of highlighting/protecting political and financial established order and inequality.[244]
Marx was once an outspoken opponent of child labour,[245] announcing that British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children's blood too", and that U.S. capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children".[223][246]
Economy, historical past and society Further information: Marxian economics But you Communists would introduce neighborhood of ladies, screams the complete bourgeoisie in refrain. The bourgeois sees in his wife a trifling software of manufacturing. He hears that the approach of manufacturing are to be exploited in common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion than that the lot of being commonplace to all will likewise fall to the women. He has no longer even a suspicion that the actual point geared toward is to get rid of the standing of girls as mere imply of production.— Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto[247]
Marx's thoughts on labour were related to the primacy he gave to the economic relation in determining the society's previous, provide and long run (see also economic determinism).[217][220][248]Accumulation of capital shapes the social system.[220] For Marx, social exchange was once about war between opposing interests, driven in the background by financial forces.[217] This was the inspiration for the frame of works known as the conflict theory.[248] In his evolutionary style of history, he argued that human historical past started with unfastened, productive and creative work that was once over the years coerced and dehumanised, a trend maximum apparent below capitalism.[217] Marx famous that this used to be not an intentional process, fairly no individual or even state can go in opposition to the forces of economy.[220]
The organisation of society will depend on means of production. The manner of production are all issues required to provide subject matter goods, comparable to land, natural sources, and technology however no longer human labour. The relations of manufacturing are the social relationships other folks input into as they acquire and use the manner of production.[248] Together, these compose the mode of manufacturing and Marx distinguished ancient eras in phrases of modes of production. Marx differentiated between base and superstructure, where the base (or substructure) is the economic device and superstructure is the cultural and political machine.[248] Marx regarded this mismatch between economic base and social superstructure as a major source of social disruption and conflict.[248]
Despite Marx's stress on the critique of capitalism and dialogue of the new communist society that are meant to change it, his particular critique is guarded, as he noticed it as an progressed society compared to the previous ones (slavery and feudalism).[89] Marx by no means obviously discusses issues of morality and justice, but students agree that his work contained implicit dialogue of the ones ideas.[89]
Memorial to Karl Marx in Moscow, whose inscription reads: "Proletarians of all countries, unite!Mural by Diego Rivera showing Karl Marx, in the National Palace in Mexico CityMarx's view of capitalism used to be two-sided.[89][159] On one hand, in the Nineteenth century's inner most critique of the dehumanising sides of this system he famous that defining features of capitalism include alienation, exploitation and routine, cyclical depressions resulting in mass unemployment. On the different hand, he characterized capitalism as "revolutionising, industrialising and universalising qualities of development, growth and progressivity" (by which Marx intended industrialisation, urbanisation, technological progress, higher productiveness and expansion, rationality and clinical revolution) that are chargeable for development.[89][159][217] Marx considered the capitalist class to be one among the maximum progressive in historical past as it repeatedly stepped forward the means of manufacturing, more so than any other category in history and was accountable for the overthrow of feudalism.[220][249] Capitalism can stimulate really extensive growth as a result of the capitalist has an incentive to reinvest profits in new technologies and capital apparatus.[236]
According to Marx, capitalists make the most of the difference between the labour market and the market for no matter commodity the capitalist can produce. Marx noticed that in almost each and every a hit trade, enter unit-costs are less than output unit-prices. Marx known as the difference "surplus value" and argued that it was in response to surplus labour, the distinction between what it fees to keep employees alive and what they are able to produce.[89] Although Marx describes capitalists as vampires sucking employee's blood,[217] he notes that drawing profit is "by no means an injustice"[89] and that capitalists cannot pass in opposition to the machine.[220] The problem is the "cancerous cell" of capital, understood no longer as property or apparatus, however the relations between staff and owners – the economic system in normal.[220]
At the similar time, Marx stressed out that capitalism used to be risky and prone to periodic crises.[103] He recommended that over the years capitalists would invest more and more in new technologies and less and much less in labour.[89] Since Marx believed that profit derived from surplus value appropriated from labour, he concluded that the rate of benefit would fall as the economy grows.[180] Marx believed that increasingly more critical crises would punctuate this cycle of expansion and cave in.[180] Moreover, he believed that in the long-term, this process would enrich and empower the capitalist class and impoverish the proletariat.[180][220] In phase one of The Communist Manifesto, Marx describes feudalism, capitalism and the position inside social contradictions play in the historic procedure:
We see then: the manner of manufacturing and of change, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a undeniable degree in the advancement of these way of manufacturing and of exchange, the stipulations beneath which feudal society produced and exchanged ... the feudal members of the family of property become now not appropriate with the already evolved productive forces; they changed into so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their position stepped free pageant, accompanied by a social and political constitution tailored in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois category. A similar motion is going on sooner than our own eyes ... The productive forces at the disposal of society now not tend to additional the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the opposite, they have turn into too robust for those stipulations, by which they are fettered, and so quickly as they conquer these fetters, they bring about order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the lifestyles of bourgeois belongings.[14]
Outside a manufacturing unit in Oldham. Marx believed that business staff (the proletariat) would stand up round the global.Marx believed that the ones structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its finish, giving way to socialism, or a post-capitalistic, communist society:
The advancement of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from beneath its ft the very basis on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates merchandise. What the bourgeoisie, subsequently, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.[14]
Thanks to quite a lot of processes overseen by capitalism, similar to urbanisation, the operating class, the proletariat, should develop in numbers and broaden class awareness, in time realising that they can and will have to trade the gadget.[217][220] Marx believed that if the proletariat were to grab the approach of manufacturing, they might inspire social family members that would benefit everyone similarly, abolishing exploiting class and introduce a system of production less prone to cyclical crises.[217] Marx argued in The German Ideology that capitalism will finish through the organised actions of a global operating category:
Communism is for us now not a situation which is to be established, a great to which truth will have to modify itself. We name communism the real movement which abolishes the provide state of items. The stipulations of this movement outcome from the premises now in existence.[250]
In this new society, the alienation would end and people would be free to behave without being certain by the labour marketplace.[180] It would be a democratic society, enfranchising the entire population.[220] In any such utopian global, there would also be no need for a state, whose goal used to be prior to now to put into effect the alienation.[180] Marx theorised that between capitalism and the established order of a socialist/communist gadget, would exist a duration of dictatorship of the proletariat – the place the operating class holds political persistent and forcibly socialises the approach of manufacturing.[220] As he wrote in his Critique of the Gotha Program, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat".[251] While he allowed for the risk of peaceful transition in some countries with robust democratic institutional structures (equivalent to Britain, the United States, and the Netherlands), he instructed that in different countries in which employees can't "attain their goal by peaceful means" the "lever of our revolution must be force".[252]
International members of the family Karl Marx Monument in Chemnitz (referred to as Karl-Marx-Stadt from 1953 to 1990)Marx considered Russia as the primary counter-revolutionary risk to European revolutions.[253] During the Crimean War, Marx backed the Ottoman Empire and its allies Britain and France towards Russia.[253] He was absolutely antagonistic to Pan-Slavism, viewing it as an device of Russian overseas policy.[253] Marx had considered the Slavic nations aside from Poles as 'counter-revolutionary'. Marx and Engels published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in February 1849:
To the sentimental phrases about brotherhood which we're being introduced here on behalf of the maximum counter-revolutionary international locations of Europe, we answer that hatred of Russians used to be and nonetheless is the number one modern passion amongst Germans; that since the revolution [of 1848] hatred of Czechs and Croats has been added, and that simplest by the most decided use of terror against these Slav peoples are we able to, jointly with the Poles and Magyars, safeguard the revolution. We know the place the enemies of the revolution are concentrated, viz. in Russia and the Slav areas of Austria, and no advantageous phrases, no allusions to an undefined democratic future for those countries can deter us from treating our enemies as enemies. Then there will likely be a combat, an "inexorable life-and-death struggle", towards those Slavs who betray the revolution; an annihilating struggle and ruthless terror – not in the interests of Germany, but in the pursuits of the revolution!"[254]
Marx and Engels sympathised with the Narodnik revolutionaries of the 1860s and 1870s. When the Russian revolutionaries assassinated Tsar Alexander II of Russia, Marx expressed the hope that the assassination foreshadowed 'the formation of a Russian commune'.[255] Marx supported the Polish uprisings in opposition to tsarist Russia.[253] He stated in a speech in London in 1867:
In the first position the coverage of Russia is changeless... Its strategies, its tactics, its manoeuvres may alternate, but the polar superstar of its policy – world domination – is a hard and fast star. In our times just a civilised government ruling over barbarian masses can hatch out this sort of plan and execute it. ... There is but one alternative for Europe. Either Asiatic barbarism, under Muscovite direction, will burst round its head like an avalanche, or else it will have to re-establish Poland, thus putting twenty million heroes between itself and Asia and gaining a respiring spell for the accomplishment of its social regeneration.[256]
CPI(M) mural in Kerala, IndiaMarx supported the explanation for Irish independence. In 1867, he wrote Engels: "I used to think the separation of Ireland from England impossible. I now think it inevitable. The English working class will never accomplish anything until it has got rid of Ireland. ... English reaction in England had its roots ... in the subjugation of Ireland."[257]
Marx spent some time in French Algeria, which were invaded and made a French colony in 1830, and had the opportunity to watch lifestyles in colonial North Africa. He wrote about the colonial justice system, in which "a form of torture has been used (and this happens 'regularly') to extract confessions from the Arabs; naturally it is done (like the English in India) by the 'police'; the judge is supposed to know nothing at all about it."[258] Marx used to be shocked by the vanity of many European settlers in Algiers and wrote in a letter: "when a European colonist dwells among the 'lesser breeds,' either as a settler or even on business, he generally regards himself as even more inviolable than handsome William I [a Prussian king]. Still, when it comes to bare-faced arrogance and presumptuousness vis-à-vis the 'lesser breeds,' the British and Dutch outdo the French."[258]
According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Marx's analysis of colonialism as a progressive force bringing modernization to a backward feudal society sounds like a transparent rationalization for foreign domination. His account of British domination, however, reflects the same ambivalence that he shows towards capitalism in Europe. In both cases, Marx recognizes the immense suffering brought about during the transition from feudal to bourgeois society while insisting that the transition is both necessary and ultimately progressive. He argues that the penetration of foreign commerce will cause a social revolution in India."[259]
Marx discussed British colonial rule in India in the New York Herald Tribune in June 1853:
There can't stay any doubt but that the misery inflicted by the British on Hindostan [India] is of an essentially different and infinitely more intensive sort than all Hindostan had to undergo ahead of. England has damaged down the entire framework of Indian society, with none signs of reconstitution but appearing... [on the other hand], we must no longer disregard that these idyllic village communities, inoffensive although they'll seem, had all the time been the cast basis of Oriental despotism, that they restrained the human thoughts inside of the smallest possible compass, making it the unresisting tool of superstition.[258][260]
Legacy
Main article: Marxism Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels monument in Marx-Engels Forum, Berlin-Mitte, Germany Karl Marx statue in Trier, GermanyMarx's concepts have had a profound have an effect on on global politics and highbrow thought.[16][17][261][262] Followers of Marx have steadily debated amongst themselves over interpret Marx's writings and follow his ideas to the fashionable global.[263] The legacy of Marx's thought has develop into contested between a lot of inclinations, every of which sees itself as Marx's maximum accurate interpreter. In the political realm, those tendencies include Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, Maoism, Luxemburgism and libertarian Marxism.[263] Various currents have additionally advanced in academic Marxism, regularly underneath influence of different views, ensuing in structuralist Marxism, historic Marxism, phenomenological Marxism, analytical Marxism and Hegelian Marxism.[263]
From an academic standpoint, Marx's work contributed to the birth of contemporary sociology. He has been cited as one among the 19th century's 3 masters of the "school of suspicion" alongside Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud[264] and as one in all the three major architects of contemporary social science at the side of Émile Durkheim and Max Weber.[265] In distinction to other philosophers, Marx presented theories that would continuously be examined with the clinical method.[16] Both Marx and Auguste Comte set out to expand scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European secularisation and new trends in the philosophies of historical past and science. Working in the Hegelian custom, Marx rejected Comtean sociological positivism in an try to develop a science of society.[266]Karl Löwith thought to be Marx and Søren Kierkegaard to be the two greatest Hegelian philosophical successors.[267] In fashionable sociological idea, Marxist sociology is recognised as considered one of the major classical perspectives. Isaiah Berlin considers Marx the true founder of modern sociology "in so far as anyone can claim the title".[268] Beyond social science, he has additionally had a lasting legacy in philosophy, literature, the arts and the humanities.[269][270][271][272]
Map of countries that declared themselves to be socialist states beneath the Marxist–Leninist or Maoist definition between 1979 and 1983, which marked the largest territorial extent of socialist statesSocial theorists of the 20th and 21st centuries have pursued two main strategies in response to Marx. One transfer has been to scale back it to its analytical core, referred to as analytical Marxism. Another, extra not unusual move has been to dilute the explanatory claims of Marx's social idea and emphasise the "relative autonomy" of facets of social and financial life indirectly associated with Marx's central narrative of interaction between the development of the "forces of production" and the succession of "modes of production". This has been the neo-Marxist theorising followed by historians impressed by Marx's social concept such as E. P. Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. It has additionally been a line of pondering pursued by thinkers and activists reminiscent of Antonio Gramsci who have sought to know the alternatives and the difficulties of transformative political follow, seen in the gentle of Marxist social concept.[273][274][275][276] Marx's concepts would even have a profound affect on next artists and artwork history, with avant-garde movements throughout literature, visible artwork, track, film, and theatre.[277]
Politically, Marx's legacy is extra complicated. Throughout the twentieth century, revolutions in dozens of nations labelled themselves "Marxist"—maximum notably the Russian Revolution, which ended in the founding of the Soviet Union.[278] Major international leaders together with Vladimir Lenin,[278]Mao Zedong,[279]Fidel Castro,[280]Salvador Allende,[281]Josip Broz Tito,[282]Kwame Nkrumah,[283]Jawaharlal Nehru,[284]Nelson Mandela,[285]Xi Jinping,[286]Jean-Claude Juncker[286][287] and Thomas Sankara have all cited Marx as a power. Beyond where Marxist revolutions came about, Marx's concepts have informed political events worldwide.[288] In international locations associated with some Marxist claims, some events have led political warring parties responsible Marx for tens of millions of deaths,[289] however the fidelity of those various revolutionaries, leaders and parties to Marx's paintings is extremely contested and has been rejected,[290] including by many Marxists.[291] It is now common to tell apart between the legacy and influence of Marx in particular and the legacy and affect of those that have formed his concepts for political purposes.[292] Andrew Lipow describes Marx and his collaborator Friedrich Engels as "the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism."[293]
Marx stays each related and controversial. In May 2018, to mark the bicentenary of his delivery, a 4.5m statue of him by main Chinese sculptor Wu Weishan and donated by the Chinese govt was once unveiled in his birthplace of Trier. European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker defended Marx's memory, announcing that today Marx "stands for things which he is not responsible for and which he didn't cause because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite".[287][294] In 2017, a function film, titled The Young Karl Marx, featuring Marx, his spouse Jenny Marx and Engels, among different revolutionaries and intellectuals previous to the Revolutions of 1848, won excellent critiques for each its ancient accuracy and its brio in coping with highbrow lifestyles.[295]
Selected bibliography
See also: Marx/Engels Collected Works The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature (doctoral thesis),[296] 1841 The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law, 1842 Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, 1843 "On the Jewish Question", 1843 "Notes on James Mill", 1844 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, 1844 The Holy Family, 1845 "Theses on Feuerbach", 1845 The German Ideology, 1845 The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847 "Wage Labour and Capital", 1847 Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848 The Class Struggles in France, 1850 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, 1852 Grundrisse, 1857 A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859 Writings on the U.S. Civil War, 1861 Theories of Surplus Value, Three volumes, 1862 "Value, Price and Profit", 1865 Das Kapital, Volume I (Das Kapital), 1867 "The Civil War in France", 1871 "Critique of the Gotha Program", 1875 "Notes on Adolph Wagner", 1883 Das Kapital, Volume II (posthumously printed by Engels), 1885 Das Kapital, Volume III (posthumously revealed by Engels), 1894See also
Criticisms of Marxism Karl Marx House Karl Marx Monument Karl Marx in movie Marxian class principle Marxian economics Marx Memorial Library Marx's manner Marx Reloaded Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx Political Economy Pre-Marx socialists Timeline of Karl Marx Giovanni Gentile Adam Smith 2807 Karl MarxReferences
^ Marx was a Fellow of the highly prestigious Royal Society of Arts, London, in 1862. Archived 16 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")correct 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"Classics: Karl Marx". Willamette University. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ "(ARCH) Babbage pages". University of Oxford. Archived from the unique on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016. ^ a b Chattopadhyay, Paresh (2016). Marx's Associated Mode of Production: A Critique of Marxism. Springer. pp. 39–41. ^ a b Levine, Norman (2006). Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's means. Lexington Books. p. 223. ^ a b Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 144. ^ Hill, Lisa (2007). "Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour". Journal of Classical Sociology. 7 (3): 339–66. doi:10.1177/1468795X07082086. S2CID 145447043. Archived from the authentic on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2018. ^ Allen Oakley, Marx's Critique of Political Economy: 1844 to 1860 Archived 10 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 1984, p. 51. ^ Marx & pp. 397–99. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarxpp._397–99 (assist) ^ Mehring, Franz, Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (Routledge, 2003) p. 75 ^ John Bellamy Foster. "Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 105, No. 2 (September 1999), pp. 366–405. ^ Sperber 2013, pp. Chapter 4. ^ Hobsbawm, Eric. "Marx, Karl Heinrich". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. ^ a b c Marx, Okay. and Engels, F. (1848).The Communist Manifesto Archived 2 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Karl Marx: Critique of the Gotha Program Archived 27 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b c d e Calhoun 2002, pp. 23–24 ^ a b "Marx the millennium's 'greatest thinker'". BBC News World Online. 1 October 1999. Archived from the authentic on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2010. ^ Roberto Mangabeira Unger. Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. ^ John Hicks, "Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern." The American Economic Review 64.2 (May 1974) p. 307: "The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history ..." ^ Joseph Schumpeter Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. Volume 26 of Unwin University books. Edition 4, Taylor & Francis Group, 1952 ISBN 0-415-11078-5, 978-0-415-11078-5 ^ Little, Daniel. "Marxism and Method". Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017. ^ Kim, Sung Ho (2017). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Max Weber". Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the unique on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2017. Max Weber is known as a predominant architect of modern social science along side Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim. 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Encyclopedia of religion and society. Rowman Altamira. pp. 499–. ISBN 978-0-7619-8956-1. Archived from the unique on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011. ^ In The Communist Manifesto, Part II:Proletariats and Communist and Capital, Volume I, Part III ^ Karl Marx (1864). Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association (Speech). ^ Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "The Communist Manifesto", web page 55, translation made by Samuel Moore in 1888 ^ a b c d e Jonathan H. Turner (2005). Sociology. Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-13-113496-6. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011. ^ Dennis Gilbert (2010). The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality. Pine Forge Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-1-4129-7965-8. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011. ^ Jon Elster (1985). Making sense of Marx. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-521-29705-9. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ "Critique of the Gotha Programme-- IV". marxists.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019. ^ "You know that the institutions, mores, and traditions of various countries must be taken into consideration, and we do not deny that there are countries – such as America, England, and if I were more familiar with your institutions, I would perhaps also add Holland – where the workers can attain their goal by peaceful means. This being the case, we must also recognise the fact that in most countries on the Continent the lever of our revolution must be force; it is force to which we must some day appeal to erect the rule of labour." La Liberté Speech Archived 16 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine delivered by Karl Marx on 8 September 1872, in Amsterdam ^ a b c d Kevin B. Anderson (2016). "Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies". University of Chicago Press. pp. 49–239. ISBN 0-226-34570-X ^ Cited in: B. Hepner, "Marx et la puissance russe," in: Ok. Marx, La Russie et l'Europe, Paris, 1954, p. 20. Originally printed in Neue Rheinische Zeitung, no. 223, 16 February 1849. ^ Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975). ^ Speech delivered in London, most probably to a meeting of the International's General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867, text published in Le Socialisme, 15 March 1908; Odbudowa Polski (Warsaw, 1910), pp. 119–23; Mysl Socjalistyczna, May 1908. From Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The Russian Menace to Europe, edited by Paul Blackstock and Bert Hoselitz, and revealed by George Allen and Unwin, London, 1953, pp. 104–08. ^ "Karl Marx and the Irish Archived 9 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine". The New York Times. December 1971. ^ a b c "Marx in Algiers". Al-Ahram. Archived from the authentic on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018. ^ "Colonialism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018. ^ "Marx on India under the British". The Hindu. 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018. ^ Wheen, Francis (17 July 2005). "Why Marx is man of the moment" Archived 18 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine. The Observer. ^ Kenneth Allan (2010). The Social Lens: An Invitation to Social and Sociological Theory. Pine Forge Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4129-7834-7. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ a b c Heine Andersen; Lars Bo Kaspersen (2000). Classical and fashionable social idea. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-0-631-21288-1. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011. ^ Ricoeur, Paul. Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1970, p. 32 ^ "Max Weber". Max Weber – Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2009. ^ Calhoun 2002, p. 19 ^ Löwith, Karl. From Hegel to Nietzsche. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, p. 49. ^ Berlin, Isaiah. 1967. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. Time Inc Book Division, New York. pp130 ^ Singer 1980, p. 1 ^ Bridget O'Laughlin (1975) Marxist Approaches in Anthropology, Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 4: pp. 341–70 (October 1975) doi:10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013.William Roseberry (1997) Marx and Anthropology Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: pp. 25–46 (October 1997) doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.25 ^ Becker, S.L. (1984). "Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience". Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 1 (1): 66–80. doi:10.1080/15295038409360014. ^ See Manuel Alvarado, Robin Gutch, and Tana Wollen (1987) Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching, Palgrave Macmillan. ^ Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism: the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. Translated by P.S. Falla. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ^ Aron, Raymond. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1965. ^ Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB, 1976. ^ Hobsbawm, E. J. How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 314–44. ^ Hemingway, Andrew. Marxism and the History of Art: From William Morris to the New Left. Pluto Press, 2006. ^ a b Lenin, VI. "The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution". Archived from the authentic on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ "Glossary of People – Ma". Marxists.org. Archived from the authentic on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Savioli, Arminio. "L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism". Marxists. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Allende, Salvador. "First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election". Marxists.org. Archived from the authentic on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Tito, Josef. "Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism". Marxists.org. Archived from the authentic on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Nkrumah, Kwame. "African Socialism Revisited". Marxists.org. Archived from the authentic on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ "Nehru's economic philosophy Archived 26 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine". The Hindu. 27 May 2017. ^ "Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952 Archived 9 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine". The South African. 6 November 2013. ^ a b Churm, Philip Andrew (4 May 2018). "Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx". Euronews. Archived from the authentic on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019. ^ a b Stone, Jon (4 May 2018). "'Today he stands for things which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx's legacy". The Independent. Archived from the authentic on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019. ^ Jeffries, Stuart (4 July 2012). "Why Marxism is on the rise again". The Guardian. Archived from the authentic on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Stanley, Tim. "The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the authentic on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Garner, Dwight (18 August 2009). "Fox Hunter, Party Animal, Leftist Warrior". The New York Times. Archived from the authentic on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ Phillips, Ben. "USSR: Capitalist or Socialist?". Marxists.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Elbe, Indigo (21 October 2013). "Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory". Viewpoint Magazine. Archived from the unique on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. ^ Lipow, Arthur (1991). Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement. University of California Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-520-07543-6. "We are not among those communists who are out to destroy personal liberty, who wish to turn the world into one huge barrack or into a gigantic workhouse. There certainly are some communists who, with an easy conscience, refuse to countenance personal liberty and would like to shuffle it out of the world because they consider that it is a hindrance to complete harmony. But we have no desire to exchange freedom for equality. We are convinced that in no social order will freedom be assured as in a society based upon communal ownership. Thus wrote the editors of the Journal of the Communist League in 1847, under the direct influence of the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels." ^ "Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst". BBC News. 5 May 2018. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019. ^ Scott, A. O. (22 February 2018). "Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018. ^ English translation online Sources Calhoun, Craig J. (2002). Classical Sociological Theory. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-21348-2. Archived from the authentic on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. Hobsbawm, Eric (2011). How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4087-0287-1. McLellan, David (2006). Karl Marx: A Biography (fourth version). Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-9730-2. Nicolaievsky, Boris; Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1976) [1936]. Karl Marx: Man and Fighter. trans. Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher. Harmondsworth and New York: Pelican. ISBN 978-1-4067-2703-6. Schwarzschild, Leopold (1986) [1948]. The Red Prussian: Life and Legend of Karl Marx. Pickwick Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-948859-00-7. Singer, Peter (1980). Marx. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-287510-5. Sperber, Jonathan (2013). Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-87140-467-1. Stedman Jones, Gareth (2016). Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9904-4. Stokes, Philip (2004). Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers. Kettering: Index Books. ISBN 978-0-572-02935-7. Vygodsky, Vitaly (1973). The Story of a Great Discovery: How Karl Marx wrote "Capital". Verlag Die Wirtschaft. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2011. Wheen, Francis (2001). Karl Marx. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-85702-637-5.Further reading
Biographies Main article: Biographies of Karl Marx Barnett, Vincent. Marx (Routledge, 2009) Berlin, Isaiah. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (Oxford University Press, 1963) ISBN 0-19-520052-7 Blumenberg, Werner (2000). Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography. trans. Douglas Scott. London; New York: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-254-6. Gemkow, Heinrich. Karl Marx: A Biography. Dresden: Verlag Zeit im Bild. 1968. Heinrich, Michael (2019). Karl Marx and the Birth of Modern Society: the Life of Marx and the Development of His Work. Volume I: 1818–1841. New York: Monthly Review P. ISBN 978-1-58367-735-3. Hobsbawm, E.J. (2004). "Marx, Karl Heinrich". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39021. (Subscription or UK public library club required.) Lenin, Vladimir (1967) [1913]. Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism. Peking: Foreign Languages Press. Archived from the unique on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2011. Liedman, Sven-Eric. A World to Win: The Life and Works of Karl Marx. [2015] Jeffrey N. Skinner, trans. London: Verso, 2018. McLellan, David. Karl Marx: his Life and Thought Harper & Row, 1973 ISBN 978-0-06-012829-6 Mehring, Franz. Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (Routledge, 2003) McLellan, David. Marx sooner than Marxism (1980), Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-27882-6 Rubel, Maximilien. Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work (Blackwell, 1975) ISBN 0-631-15780-8 Segrillo, Angelo. Two Centuries of Karl Marx Biographies: An Overview (LEA Working Paper Series, nº 4, March 2019). Sperber, Jonathan. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013. Stedman Jones, Gareth. Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (Allen Lane, 2016). ISBN 978-0-7139-9904-4. Walker, Frank Thomas. Karl Marx: a Bibliographic and Political Biography. (bj.publications), 2009. Wheen, Francis. Karl Marx: A Life, (Fourth Estate, 1999), ISBN 1-85702-637-3 Commentaries on Marx Althusser, Louis. For Marx. London: Verso, 2005. Althusser, Louis and Balibar, Étienne. Reading Capital. London: Verso, 2009. Attali, Jacques. Karl Marx or the thought of the world. 2005 Avineri, Shlomo. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge University Press, 1968) ISBN 0-521-09619-7 Avineri, Shlomo. Karl Marx: Philosophy and Revolution (Yale University Press, 2019) ISBN 978-0300211702 Axelos, Kostas. Alienation, Praxis, and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx (translated by Ronald Bruzina, University of Texas Press, 1976). Blackledge, Paul. Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History (Manchester University Press, 2006) Blackledge, Paul. Marxism and Ethics (SUNY Press, 2012) Bottomore, Tom, ed. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Callinicos, Alex (2010) [1983]. The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx. Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. ISBN 978-1-905192-68-7. Cleaver, Harry. Reading Capital Politically (AK Press, 2000) G.A. Cohen. Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (Princeton University Press, 1978) ISBN 0-691-07068-7 Collier, Andrew. Marx (Oneworld, 2004) Draper, Hal, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution (Four volumes) Monthly Review Press Duncan, Ronald and Wilson, Colin. (editors) Marx Refuted, (Bath, UK, 1987) ISBN 0-906798-71-X Eagleton, Terry. Why Marx Was Right (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2011). Fine, Ben. Marx's Capital. fifth ed. London: Pluto, 2010. Foster, John Bellamy. Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. Gould, Stephen Jay. A Darwinian Gentleman at Marx's Funeral – E. Ray Lankester, p. 1, Find Articles.com (1999) Harvey, David. A Companion to Marx's Capital. London: Verso, 2010. Harvey, David. The Limits of Capital. London: Verso, 2006. Henry, Michel. Marx I and Marx II. 1976 Holt, Justin P. The Social Thought of Karl Marx. Sage, 2015. Iggers, Georg G. "Historiography: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge."(Wesleyan University Press, 1997, 2005) Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism Oxford: Clarendon Press, OUP, 1978 Little, Daniel. The Scientific Marx, (University of Minnesota Press, 1986) ISBN 0-8166-1505-5 Mandel, Ernest. Marxist Economic Theory. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970. Mandel, Ernest. The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977. Mészáros, István. Marx's Theory of Alienation (The Merlin Press, 1970) Miller, Richard W. Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power, and History. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1984. Postone, Moishe. Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Rothbard, Murray. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Volume II: Classical Economics (Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995) ISBN 0-945466-48-X Saad-Filho, Alfredo. The Value of Marx: Political Economy for Contemporary Capitalism. London: Routledge, 2002. Schmidt, Alfred. The Concept of Nature in Marx. London: NLB, 1971. Seigel, J.E. (1973). "Marx's Early Development: Vocation, Rebellion and Realism". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 3 (3): 475–508. doi:10.2307/202551. JSTOR 202551. Seigel, Jerrold. Marx's destiny: the form of a life (Princeton University Press, 1978) ISBN 0-271-00935-7 Strathern, Paul. "Marx in 90 Minutes", (Ivan R. Dee, 2001) Thomas, Paul. Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. Uno, Kozo. Principles of Political Economy. Theory of a Purely Capitalist Society, Brighton, Sussex: Harvester; Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities, 1980. Vianello, F. [1989], "Effective Demand and the Rate of Profits: Some Thoughts on Marx, Kalecki and Sraffa", in: Sebastiani, M. (ed.), Kalecki's Relevance Today, London, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-02411-6. Wendling, Amy. Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) Wheen, Francis. Marx's Das Kapital, (Atlantic Books, 2006) ISBN 1-84354-400-8 Wilson, Edmund. To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1940 Fiction works Barker, Jason. Marx Returns, Winchester, UK: Zero Books, 2018, ISBN 978-1-78535-660-5.Medical articles Shuster, Sam (January 2008). "The nature and consequence of Karl Marx's skin disease". British Journal of Dermatology. 158 (1): 071106220718011––. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08282.x. PMID 17986303. S2CID 40843002.External hyperlinks
Karl Marxat Wikipedia's sister projectsMedia from Wikimedia CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityData from Wikidata Works by Karl Marx at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Karl Marx at Internet Archive Works by Karl Marx at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Karl Marx at the Encyclopædia Britannica Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Karl Marx". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Karl Marx at the Marxists Internet Archive. Marx and Engels (1973). Selected Works. 1. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Marx and Engels (1973). Selected Works. 2. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Marx and Engels (1973). Selected Works. 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Marx and Engels (1982). Selected Correspondence (third revised ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1989). Karl Marx: a Biography (4 ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. Krader, Lawrence, ed. (1974). The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx (PDF) (2 ed.). Assen: Van Gorcum. Archive of Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels Papers at the International Institute of Social History The Collected Works of Marx and Engels, in English translation and in 50 volumes, are printed in London by Lawrence & Wishart and in New York by International Publishers. (These volumes were at one time put on-line by the Marxists Internet Archive, until the original publishers objected on copyright grounds: "Marx/Engels Collected Works". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 3 March 2018.) They are available on-line and searchable, for purchase or via subscribing libraries, in the "Social Theory" collection revealed by Alexander Street Press in collaboration with the University of Chicago. Marx, BBC Radio Four dialogue with Anthony Grayling, Francis Wheen & Gareth Stedman Jones (In Our Time, 14 July 2005) The 1887 NY Times overview of Das Kapital Newspaper clippings about Karl Marx in the twentieth Century Press Archives of the ZBWvteKarl MarxFamily Heinrich Marx Henriette Pressburg Jenny von Westphalen Jenny Longuet Laura Marx Eleanor Marx Louise Juta Charles Longuet Paul Lafargue Edward Aveling Helene DemuthBiographies Karl Marx: The Story of His Life Karl Marx: His Life and Environment Karl Marx: His Life and ThoughtFilms Die Deutschen Marx Reloaded Miss Marx The Young Karl MarxMemberships Communist League International Workingmens AssociationOther cultural depictions Assassin's Creed Syndicate The Leader Karl Marx in Kalbadevi Marx in Soho Marx Returns "The Philosophers' Football Match" Tomb Statues "World Forum/Communist Quiz" Young MarxRelated Friedrich Engels 2807 Karl Marx Opium of the other peopleTimeline Articles associated with Karl Marx vteWorks by Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsMarxDas Kapital Das Kapital, Volume I (1867) Das Kapital, Volume II (1885, posthumous) Das Kapital, Volume III (1894, posthumous)Other works Scorpion and Felix (1837) Oulanem (1839) The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature (1841) "The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law" (1842) Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (1843, printed 1927) "On the Jewish Question" (1843) "Notes on James Mill" (1844) Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (1844, printed 1932) "Theses on Feuerbach" (1845, published 1888) The Poverty of Philosophy (1847) "Wage Labour and Capital" (1847) The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850 (1850) The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852) Grundrisse (1857, published 1939) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) Theories of Surplus Value (3 volumes, 1862) "Value, Price and Profit" (1865) "The Belgian Massacres" (1869) "The Civil War in France" (1871) Critique of the Gotha Program (1875) Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx (1968) Marx's notebooks on the history of technologyMarx andEngels The Holy Family (1844) The German Ideology (1845, printed 1932) The Communist Manifesto (1848) The Civil War in the United States (1861)Engels The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) Principles of Communism (1847) The Peasant War in Germany (1850) "The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man" (1876) Anti-Dühring (1878) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880) Dialectics of Nature (1883) The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884) Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886) A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity (1894) Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany (1896, posthumous)Collections Marx/Engels Collected Works (1975 - 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Whewell Ludwig Feuerbach Søren Kierkegaard Karl Marx Albrecht Ritschl Afrikan Spir18801900 Ernst Haeckel W Ok Clifford Friedrich Nietzsche Harald Høffding William JamesVladimir Solovyov Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Otto Lev Shestov Sergei Bulgakov Pavel Florensky Ernst Cassirer Joseph Maréchal1920postwar George Santayana Bertrand Russell Martin Buber René Guénon Paul Tillich Karl Barth Emil Brunner Rudolf Bultmann Gabriel Marcel Reinhold NiebuhrCharles Hartshorne Mircea Eliade Frithjof Schuon J L Mackie Walter Kaufmann Martin Lings Peter Geach George I Mavrodes William Alston Antony Flew197019902010 William L Rowe Dewi Z Phillips Alvin Plantinga Anthony Kenny Nicholas Wolterstorff Richard Swinburne Robert Merrihew Adams Ravi Zacharias Peter van Inwagen Daniel Dennett Loyal Rue Jean-Luc Marion William Lane Craig Ali Akbar RashadAlexander PrussRelated subjects Criticism of faith Desacralization of information Ethics in religion Exegesis History of religion Religion Religious language Religious 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Portal Category vteContinental philosophyPhilosophers Theodor W. Adorno Giorgio Agamben Louis Althusser Hannah Arendt Raymond Aron Gaston Bachelard Alain Badiou Roland Barthes Georges Bataille Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Walter Benjamin Simone de Beauvoir Henri Bergson Maurice Blanchot Pierre Bourdieu Martin Buber Judith Butler Albert Camus Georges Canguilhem Ernst Cassirer Cornelius Castoriadis Emil Cioran Hélène Cixous Benedetto Croce Paul de Man Guy Debord Gilles Deleuze Jacques Derrida Wilhelm Dilthey Hubert Dreyfus Divya Dwivedi Umberto Eco Terry Eagleton Friedrich Engels Frantz Fanon Johann Gottlieb Fichte Michel Foucault Hans-Georg Gadamer Giovanni Gentile Félix Guattari Antonio Gramsci Jürgen Habermas G. W. F. 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Schelling Carl Schmitt Arthur Schopenhauer Michel Serres Gilbert Simondon Peter Sloterdijk Oswald Spengler Edith Stein Leo Strauss Simone Weil Raymond Williams Slavoj ŽižekTheories Absurdism Critical idea Deconstruction Existentialism Frankfurt School German idealism Hegelianism Hermeneutics Marxism Neo-Kantianism New Philosophers Non-philosophy Phenomenology Postmodernism Post-structuralism Psychoanalytic concept Romanticism Social constructionism Speculative realism Structuralism Western MarxismConcepts Alterity Angst Apollonian and Dionysian Authenticity Being in itself Boredom Class struggle Dasein Death of God Death drive Différance Difference Existence precedes essence Existential crisis Facticity Genealogy Habitus Historical materialism Ideology Intersubjectivity Leap of faith Master–slave dialectic Master–slave morality Oedipus complicated Ontic Other Power Ressentiment Self-deception Totalitarianism Trace Transvaluation of values Will to persistent Category Index Authority keep an eye on BIBSYS: 90051270, 1462369657879 BNC: 000039902 BNE: XX949564 BNF: cb11914934t (information) CANTIC: a10438245 CiNii: DA00034578 GND: 118578537 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV[scrape_url:1]{title}
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